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Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research involves secondary analysis of publicly available datasets. The Adult Income Dataset is derived from the 1994 Census, and the COMPAS dataset is publicly available through ProPublica. Both datasets have been previously used in published research with appropriate ethical considerations. No new human subjects research or primary data collection was conducted in this study. The research follows ethical guidelines for responsible AI research and algorithmic fairness assessment. Not applicable. This research uses publicly available, de-identified secondary datasets. No informed consent from individuals was required as the analysis does not involve direct human subjects research.

: The author consents to the publication of this manuscript in the Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology.

: The author declares no Conflict of interest. The author has no financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence this work.