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Article History

Received: 22 April 2025

Accepted: 19 June 2025

First Online: 7 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical clearance was granted by the Internal Review Board of Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development before the study was conducted. To ensure adherence to ethical research standards, formal permission was also sought and granted by the management of the selected public sector institutions, including the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority (GPHA), Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA), National Identification Authority (NIA), and Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG). Prior to the study, all participants were clearly told what the study aims, what would be done in it and what their rights as participants are. Participants signed a consent form, stating that they were agreeing to take part freely, anonymity would be ensured for their answers and their data would be kept confidential. Respondents were assured that their participation or refusal to participate would not in any way affect their access to services or relationships with the public institutions involved. The participants were informed that they could leave the study at any moment without being penalized. Furthermore, the data gathered through the study was always safely stored and used only for educational purposes. The authors mentioned and included all sources which they used from the previous literature, supporting the truthfulness of the paper and giving credit to other authors.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.