Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 31 August 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Declarations

:

: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PO—RALG) and the Mbeya and Mwanza City Council, Manyara Urban Council for their valuable support and the necessary permits that facilitated the successful conduct of our research. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from Sokoine University of Agriculture—College of Social Science and Humanities Committee.

: All authors confirm that they have reviewed the final manuscript and give their full consent for its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.