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Authors
Alam, Surya
Supanto, Fajar
Arifin, Syaiful
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Merdeka Malang, approval number 17/UNMER/XII/2024. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
