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Article History

Received: 17 March 2026

Accepted: 1 July 2026

First Online: 14 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human respondents and was conducted in accordance with ethical research principles. Prior to data collection, respondents were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to decline or withdraw at any time. Responses were collected anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was reported. Formal institutional ethical approval was not required for this non-clinical, low-risk survey of adult microenterprise owners under the applicable institutional guidelines. Nevertheless, the study followed standard ethical principles relating to informed consent, voluntary participation, anonymity, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw.

: We, the authors, fully agree to publish this manuscript; we do not need to take permission from anyone else for the use of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This manuscript is based on research conducted as part of the first author’s PhD study. The manuscript has been prepared as an independent journal article from the broader doctoral research project, and the authors confirm that it has not been published elsewhere in this form.