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Authors
Zhan, Ming
Zhang, Shaofeng
Wang, Jiahui
Xiong, Xiaoqi
Li, Zhouzhou
Xiao, Qiang
Song, Xinyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Demonstration Project of Technological Innovation of Hubei Province (2022BCE031)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 8 November 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study received approval from the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and, where relevant, from their legal guardians. All procedures adhered to applicable ethical standards and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
