Funding for this research was provided by:
Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52308531)
New Interdisciplinary Cultivation Fund of Southwest Jiaotong University (2682022KJ054)
Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Revised: 1 January 2026
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
:
: Qianhui Pu is an editorial board member for Advances in Bridge Engineering and was not involved in the editorial review, or the decision to publish, this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.