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Authors
Qi, Peng
Yao, Tianliang
Li, Hu
Zhu, Jingnan
Li, Jianye
Luo, Xuezhen
He, Qizhi
Li, Yiran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-3876
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Health System Outstanding Talents Program (20234Z0019)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB4705200)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62273257)
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Revised: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the institutional ethics committee of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital (No: KS22133). Additional approvals were obtained from Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (OGHFU, ID: 2023–31) and Pingdingshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital (PMCHH, ID: 2025–007) for the use of external validation cohorts. Informed consent for the potential use of specimens in clinical research was obtained from all participants prior to surgical procedures. The study protocol and experimental design adhered to the most recent revised ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All authors have consented to the publication of the data covered in this article.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
