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Authors
Liang, Shuang
Hong, Qian
Xu, Qingxia
Wang, Yuan
Wu, Yue
Mu, Juwei
Wang, Chunyan
Fang, Hezhi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2024YFE0111200)
National Key Research Program (2022YFC3602303-3)
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Revised: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 16 November 2025
First Online: 30 November 2025
Declarations
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: All clinical samples were collected under a multicenter collaboration framework coordinated by the National Cancer Center (NCC, Beijing). The ethical approval issued by the NCC Ethics Committee (Approval No. NCC2021C-527), Henan Cancer Hospital (2023-HP-217) and Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital (2023-SP-119), under the same study protocol and informed consent procedure.Collaborating centers contributed de-identified biospecimens and clinical data through formal data-sharing agreements within the scope of this primary ethical approval. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.
: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
: All authors have agreed to publish this manuscript. We declare no conflicts of interest may be considered to influence directly or indirectly the content of the manuscript.
