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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HE 2701/16-1)
Oversea Study Program of Guangzhou Elite Project
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Revised: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: FFPE colon cancer samples were collected at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU) between 1994 and 2005. Follow-up data were recorded by the Munich tumor registry. The patient samples were subjected to irreversible anonymization. Studies with irreversible anonymization of patient samples were exempted from ethical approval by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the LMU on November 8, 2007. All analyses were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Since the patient samples analyzed in Fig. e-g had been subjected to irreversible anonymization, an informed consent was not necessary according to the LMU Medical Faculty Ethics Committee. Data from all other patient samples analyzed in this study was obtained from public repositories.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
