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Authors
Madonsela, Nomcebo
Munyai, Linton F.
Dalu, Mwazvita T. B.
Cuthbert, Ross N.
Dalu, Tatenda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-7702
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation (PMDS230605113994)
National Research Foundation (TTK230509104049)
National Research Foundation (TTK240409213108)
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2026
Accepted: 22 July 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Declarations
Declarations: All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors.
Ethics and permit approval: The study has been ethical approved by University of Mpumalanga Research Ethics Committee (REC-HSS): UMP/Dalu/FANS/2025/01/Extension, and permission to conduct the study was granted by the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency: MPB5859. This study involved the collection of freshly deposited livestock dung from cattle, goats, and chickens without handling, restraining, or interacting with the animals; thus, no live animals were used. No invasive procedures or experimental manipulations were performed. Permission to access sampling sites and collect manure samples was obtained from the respective farm owners or managers.
Consent for participation: All authors agreed to the participation in this manuscript.
Consent for publication: All authors agreed to the publication of this manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
