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A novel Probabilistic Bi-Level Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (P-BTLBO) algorithm for hybrid feature extraction and multi-class brain tumor classification using ResNet-50 and GLCM

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00671-3

Published Online: 2025-07-07

Published Print: 2025-12

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