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Authors
Crimi, Claudia
Sardo, Salvatore
Noto, Alberto
Madotto, Fabiana
Ippolito, Mariachiara
Nolasco, Santi
Campisi, Raffaele
Fiorentino, Giuseppe
Pantazopoulos, Ioannis
Chalkias, Athanasios
Mattei, Alessio
Scala, Raffaele
Clini, Enrico
Ergan, Begum
Lujan, Manel
Winck, João Carlos
Giarratano, Antonino
Carlucci, Annalisa
Gregoretti, Cesare
Groff, Paolo
Cortegiani, Andrea
,
Vuono, Stefano De
Berisha, Sokol
Pierini, Patrizia
Taliani, Maria Rita
Balducci, Francesco
Cianci, Pasquale
Lignani, Alessandra
Imitazione, Pasquale
Mirizzi, Angela
Annunziata, Anna
Coppola, Antonietta
Simioli, Francesca
Marotta, Antonella
Gourgoulianis, Konstantinos
Pagonis, Athanasios
Tourlakopoulos, Konstantinos
Greece, Larissa
Laou, Eleni
Libra, Alessandro
Vancheri, Ada
Ciancio, Nicola
Impellizzeri, Pietro
Intravaia, Rossella
Crisafulli, Ernesto
Sartori, Giulia
Musella, Valentina
Fuso, Leonello
Paladini, Luciana
Valli, Gabriele
Boléo-Tomé, José Pedro
Ornelas, Énia
Guia, Miguel Filipe
Chiappero, Chiara
Bardessono, Marco
Mangiapia, Mauro
Marelli, Margherita
Gambarini, Cinzia
Mazzola, Dania
Perboni, Alberto
Demichelis, Sara
Comune, Massimo
Rovere, Giulia
Guidelli, Luca
Ghinassi, Giacomo
Golfi, Nicoletta
Spacone, Antonella
Esposito, Antonietta
Rapacchiale, Giorgia
Voza, Antonio
Fedeli, Carlo
Sauro, Sara
Gangitano, Gianfilippo
Gessaroli, Ilaria
Francia, Davide
Pinelli, Valentina
Artioli, Stefania
Meazza, Massimiliano
Lacedonia, Donato
Scioscia, Giulia
Stomaci, Marcello
Marani, Silvia
Bozzoli, Mara
Yakar, Mehmet Nuri
Carpagnano, Elisiana
Di Lecce, Valentina
Zanardi, Erika
Trentin, Monica
Skoczyński, Szymon
Oraczewska, Aleksandra
Contoli, Marco
Marku, Brunilda
Noto, Paola
Di Fazio, Eugenia
Santus, Pierachille
Radovanovic, Dejan
Marino, Luigi
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The study protocol of the original COVID-HIGH trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the coordinating centre (Comitato Etico Catania 1, 01/2021/PO, 25/01/2021) and all participating sites before patient inclusion. The study was performed in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was overseen by an oversight committee comprised of independent clinicians with no competing interests. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or surrogates.
: The patients provided informed consent for inclusion in the COVID-HIGH trial and for the analysis and dissemination of results.
: A Ca received consulting fees from Breas, Airliquide, honoraria for lectures or consultancies from Fisher & Paykel, Philips, ResMed, Vitalaire (outside the submitted work). CC participated in an advisory board from Airliquide and received honoraria for lectures from Fisher & Paykel, Philips, ResMed, Vitalaire, and Medicair (outside the submitted work). CG received honoraria for lectures or consultancies from Vivisol and Air Liquide (outside the submitted work). BE received financial support for attending meetings from Fisher & Paykel. EC received grants from Chiesi Italia, honoraria for lectures from Chiesi Italia, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, and financial support for attending meetings from Chiesi Italia, Boehringer Ingelheim. IP received honoraria for lectures and financial support for attending meetings from Fisher & Paykel, Chiesi, Elpen, AstraZeneca, Menarini, and Pfizer (outside the submitted work). JCW received a consulting fee from Inogen, honoraria for lectures from Fisher & Paykel, Philips, payment for testimony from Philips, and financial support for attending meetings from Vitalaire (outside the submitted work). A Co and FM are Associate Editors for Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care.
