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Article History

Received: 23 December 2024

Accepted: 16 May 2025

First Online: 22 May 2025

Declarations

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: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and followed international ethical standards for medical research involving human data.MIMIC-IV data was collected as part of routine clinical care. It has been deidentified and transformed. It is available to researchers who have completed training in human research and signed a data use agreement. It was approved for research by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and BIDMC, who granted a waiver of informed consent and approved the sharing of the research resource. For the present retrospective study, two authors (ML and MM) signed the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement 1.5.0 for MIMIC-IV, on May 8 2024 and July 15 2024 respectively.BRATECA was deidentified according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) standards using structured data cleansing and date shifting. The data was collected as part of a research project developed with several hospitals in Brazil. All data sharing was approved by each hospital. Ethical approval to use the hospitals'datasets in this research was granted by the Brazilian National Research Ethics Committee under the number 46652521.9.0000.5530. For the present retrospective study, data access was granted on PhysioNet by the authors of the BRATECA dataset on June 7, 2024 for ML and Aug 19 for MM.South London and Maudsley NHS Trust have established CRIS in 2008 to allow searching and retrieval of comprehensive, de-identified clinical information for research purposes with a permission of secondary data analysis, approved by the Oxfordshire Research Ethics Committee C (reference 08/H0606/71 + 5). The present retrospective study was approved by the CRIS oversight committee on June 5, 2024, as Project 24–029. ML, MM and EG are approved for data access. CRIS users are requested to provide feedback on the progress of their study. We must answer to the CRIS Administrator for this purpose for a mid-year review after project approval and until project completion. If our study has experienced a delay of greater than 3 months in starting, the Oversight Committee may request that the application is resubmitted.

: Individual patient consent was not required for publication as this was addressed in the original approval for the CRIS and MIMIC-IV databases, which permits research use and publication with proper de-identification maintained.

: The authors declare no competing interests.