Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Msamila, Sterner
Chizonda, Mbongeni
Singini, Geoffrey
Sampathkumar, Veena
Luhanga, Misheck
Mtonga, George
Kress, Howard
Maphosa, Thulani
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Declarations
:
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Permission and ethical clearance for this study were obtained from the Malawi National Health Science Research Council (NHSRC) – protocol % 25/01/4574, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - CGH-MAL-7/16/25-aa355, and Advarra Institutional Review Board (Pro00090545) in the United States. Since this was a retrospective study based on the abstraction of secondary data records, the ethics committees/institutional review boards that approved the protocol waived the need for informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
