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Authors
Ollier, Joseph
Joshi, Priyam
Mishra, Roshan
Fleisch, Elgar
Wangenheim, Florian von
Salamanca-Sanabria, Alicia
Mair, Jacqueline Louise
Kowatsch, Tobias
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2024
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
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: JO, PJ, EF, FW, AS, JM, TK are affiliated with the Centre for Digital Health Interventions (CDHI), a joint initiative of the Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, the Department of Management, Technology, and Economics at ETH Zurich, and the Institute of Technology Management and School of Medicine at the University of St.Gallen. CDHI is funded in part by the Swiss health insurer CSS. EF and TK are also cofounders of Pathmate Technologies, a university spin-off company that creates and delivers digital clinical pathways. Neither CSS or Pathmate Technologies were involved in the study design, methods, or results of this paper.
: Ethical approval for both the current paper (EK-2021- N -234), and the wider Elena+: Care for COVID-19 app (application no: EK 2020- N -49) was given by the ETH Zurich Ethics Committee. For Study 1A and Study 1B, written approval for the collection and publication of anonymized user data was additionally attained from Facebook Business Support. For Study 2, informed consent was given prior to beginning the survey.
: Not applicable (no identifiable personal data is published in this manuscript).
