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Article History

Received: 10 June 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This project was ruled EXEMPT by the Baylor University Institutional Review Board (#1841317–2). Gallup Inc. IRB approved the study on November 16, 2021 (#2021–11-02). All data collection was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of Gallup and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent is obtained during the respondent recruitment stage of fieldwork before starting the survey. The exact wording varies across countries depending on the local laws and regulations governing data protection. Subsequent surveys include a consent statement that reminds respondents that participation in the survey is optional and their personal information will not be shared by anyone outside of Gallup.

: The manuscript contains no individual person’s data, nor any information that could lead to the identification of participants. Gallup collected personally identifiable information but subsequently removed it from all public release data.

: Tyler J. VanderWeele reports partial ownership and licensing fees from Gloo, Inc. Cynthia English and Zacc Ritter work for Gallup, and Gallup is the organization responsible for the data collection on this project. The remaining authors have no competing interests.