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Authors
Lindstrom, Megan
Minja, Neema W.
Stark, Benjamin
Johnson, Catherine O.
Razo, Christian
DeCleene, Nicole
LeGrand, Kate E.
Mensah, George
Watkins, David
Roth, Gregory A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
American Heart Association (20SFRN35380042)
National Institutes of Health (Z99 HL999999)
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Article History
Received: 28 December 2024
Accepted: 18 June 2025
First Online: 14 July 2025
Declarations
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: No participants were recruited for this study. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study used de-identified data, and the waiver of informed consent was reviewed and approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (study number 9060). As such, this study adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
