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Authors
Paltzer, Jason
Carter, Erik W.
Kwon, Elizabeth
Okafor, Chukwuemeka N.
Padgett, R Noah
Benfer, Jessica
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
Johnson, Byron R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
John Templeton Foundation (61665)
Templeton Religion Trust (1308)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (0605)
Fetzer Institute (4354)
Paul L. Foster Family Foundation
Well Being Trust
David and Carol Myers Foundation
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Article History
Received: 22 November 2024
Accepted: 1 August 2025
First Online: 3 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Baylor University Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 1841317-2) and Gallup Inc. (IRB No. 2021-11-02). Gallup is a global firm and its IRB covers all GFS countries. All participants consented to participate. Approval for data collection activities was obtained by Gallup (). Approval for data analysis was granted by Baylor University. All personally identifiable information was removed by Gallup. The GFS study and this research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: All participants consented to have their responses used in publications.
: Tyler VanderWeele reports consulting fees from Gloo Inc., along with shared revenue received by Harvard University in its license agreement with Gloo according to the University IP policy. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
