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Authors
Lambisia, Arnold W.
Katama, Esther N.
Moraa, Edidah
Mwita, John M.
Gallagher, Katherine
Mutunga, Martin
Nyale, Emily
Omungala, Joan
Mwanga, Mike
Murunga, Nickson
Nyiro, Joyce
Nyagwange, James
Sande, Charles
Bejon, Philip
Githinji, George
Dellicour, Simon
Phan, My V. T.
Cotten, Matthew
Ochola-Oyier, L. Isabella
Holmes, Edward C.
Agoti, Charles N.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
SANTHE
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (n°F.4515.22)
Research Foundation — Flanders (n°G098321N)
European Union Horizon 2020 projects MOOD (n°874850)
Wellcome (226130/Z/22/Z, 226002/A/22/Z)
a National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT2017197)
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 9 September 2025
Change Date: 15 September 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original publication was updated to amend the Data Availability declaration.
Declarations
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: Each surveillance platform (community, outpatient, and inpatient) that provided samples analyzed here had a dedicated research protocol. The protocols’ consenting and sample collection process were reviewed and approved by KEMRI Scientific Ethics and Research Unit (SERU), Nairobi Kenya (protocol numbers #3178, #3103 and 4724). Samples were collected following consent from a parent or guardian for participants aged < 18 years old (with assent for children aged between 13 and 18 years old). Individual written informed consent was sought for participants aged > 18 years. All research conducted in the study conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
