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Authors
Hesketh, Zsofia M.
Clark, Rebecca A.
Limaye, Rupali
Pelzer, Puck T.
Palmer, Shaun
White, Richard G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (310728/Z/24/Z)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (1R01AI147321-01)
EDTCP (RIA208D-2505B)
Medical Research Council (CCF17-7779 via SET Bloomsbury)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P008011/1)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-004737)
World Health Organization (2020/985800-0)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. The present research conforms with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. We used existing data from the VCP, whose data collection field partner, ORB International, follows strict industry standards laid down by the professional bodies they subscribe to such as the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR). Data collection for this original study received ethical approval from the University Hospital of Antwerp and the University of Antwerp (approval ID number: 3609), including confirmation of informed consent to participate. Our subsequent secondary analysis of this data received both written agreement from the VCP Principal Investigator (Dr Heidi Larson, LSHTM) as well as ethical approval from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (ethics reference number: 32763).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
