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Authors
Biewen, Carter
Ward, Shän L.
Agulnik, Asya
Murthy, Srinivas
Abbas, Qalab
Bhutta, Adnan
Maidana, Jazmin Baez
Holloway, Adrian
Lee, Jan Hau
López-Barón, Eliana
Umuhoza, Christian
Wiens, Matthew O.
Khemani, Robinder G.
Kortz, Teresa B.
,
Abdul-Mumin, Alhassan
Allen, Nabisere
Amarillo, Paloma
Amegan-Aho, Kokou
Appiah, John
Arancibia, Pamela
Arias, Anita
Arif, Fehmina
Arteaga, Liliana
Asibey, Jacqueline
Attebery, Jonah
Guerrero, Nataly Ávila
Bacha, Tigist
Hernandez, Briam Beltran
Muhire, Hippolyte Bwiza
Calderon-Cardenas, Juan
Camacho-Cruz, Jhon
Cañete, Mariana Lucía
Caporal, Paula
Chimedbazar, Dulamragchaa
Curi, Claudia
de Sa Rodrigues, Karla Emilia
Emmanuel, Tenywa
Escobar, Maria
Esposto, Sofia
Vargas, Arieth Figueroa
Fink, Ericka
Fustiñana, Ana
Giulietti, Marina
Rivera, Stephanie Gordon
Habib, Muhammad Irfan
Havugarurema, Pascal
He, David
Somerson, Lucia Hernandez
Saldarriaga, Nayibe Hincapie
Hooli, Shubhada
Isabirye, Jacob
Jamro, Saifullah
Jaramillo-Bustamante, Juan
Salcedo, Liliana Jurado
Kabir, Halima
Karanja, Caleb
Keita, Adama Mamby
Kilba, Marie-Charlyne
Kissoon, Niranjan
Kohn-Loncarica, Guillermo
Krishnamurthy, Kandamaran
Noguera, Jorhk Lasso
Majdalani, Marianne
Cardona, Isabel Monje
Nuñez, Emilse Montero
Aguas, Celia Mulgado
Mussa, Raya
Muttalib, Fiona
Nebaza, John
Nielsen, Katie
Noya, María
Obodai, Edna
Ocampo, Carmen
Ödek, Çağlar
Oguonu, Tagbo
Osew-Gyamfi, Afua
Owusu, Sheila
Owusu, Larko
Bocarejo, Mayerly Palencia
Chamorro, Freddy Pantoja
Pedroza, Aurora
Peter, Walugembe
Prego, Javier
Rahi, Amal
Hernández, Carmen Ramírez
Remy, Kenneth
Rino, Pedro
Rodrigues, Adriana Teixeira
Sakaan, Firas
Sankar, Jhuma
Sawe, Hendry
Serra, Jesus
Shaieb, Agustin
Shirk, Arianna
Shonkhuuz, Enkhtur
Sierra-Abaunza, Javier
Soomro, Khurram
Sow, Samba
Tagoola, Abner
Tekleab, Atnafu
Torres, Margarita
Vasquez-Hoyos, Pablo
von Saint Andre-von Arnim, Amelie
Wang, Justin
Yakubu, Rafiuk
Yeboah, Rita
Zamarbideon, María
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Cancer Institute of the NIH (R37CA276215–01)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (5U01AI126610)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (K23AI144029)
President’s Global Impact Fund, University of Maryland, Baltimore
National Medical Research Council (MOH-TA19nov-001)
Thrasher Foundation
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
:
: IRB review was not required for this secondary analysis as it is not human subjects research and all original data was deidentified. The original study, Global PARITY, was coordinated by the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Maryland and was deemed exempt by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB, HP-00086107). It was reviewed and approved by each site prior to data collection. This research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: J.H.L. has received support from the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (MOH-TA19nov-001) and from the Thrasher Foundation, USA. R.G.K. is a paid medical advisor for Nihon Kohden/Orange Med. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
