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Authors
Hellar, Augustino
Bandio, Raymond
Ernest, Edwin
Makuwani, Ahmad
Kinyina, Alen
Sospeter, Phineas
Mandali, Hamid
Kulindwa, Yusuph
Lyatuu, Isaac
Kafuku, Wilfred
Phiri, Frank
Mtani, Cyprian
Kengia, James Tumaini
Sukari, Omari
Athumani, Husna
Hellar, James
Kapologwe, Ntuli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-046249)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NatHREC), Tanzania (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4194; 23 January 2023). The requirement for individual informed consent was waived because the analysis used routinely collected, de-identified data, and posed minimal risk. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. Participation in G-ANC was voluntary; withdrawal did not affect access to standard care. All participants provided verbal informed consent for G-ANC enrollment, consistent with routine clinical practice.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
