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Authors
Bedingfield, Nancy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-4834
Fiphaza, Kuhle https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8785-025X
Girma, Mahilet https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2276-8459
Majiza, Liyabuya https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8852-8233
De Vos, Lindsey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-7651
Olivier, Dawie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7654-1434
Kipp, Aaron M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-2445
Medina-Marino, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2691-982X
Daftary, Amrita https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-3540
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CANTRAIN Salary Award
National Institutes of Health (R01 5-AI150485-04)
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Article History
Received: 6 September 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study adhered to all elements of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Eastern Cape Provincial Research Office (Ref #: EC_202110_011), the University of Cape Town Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC Ref: 543/2020), and Eastern Carolina University Institutional Review Board (UMCIRB 21–000854). Participants gave informed written consent for baseline data collection, follow-up questionnaires, and follow-up interviews.
: Not applicable.
: Amrita Daftary is an Editorial Board Member of BMC Global and Public Health. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
