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Authors
Scott, Remle
Olsen, Cara H.
Crowell, Trevor A.
Mancuso, James D.
Kibuuka, Hannah
Maswai, Jonah
Owuoth, John
Sing’oei, Valentine
Bahemana, Emmanuel
Parker, Zahra
Ake, Julie A.
Shah, Neha
Lee, Elizabeth H.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs
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Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 8 April 2026
Declarations
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: All study participants provided written informed consent, and institutional review boards of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research, Nigerian Ministry of Defense, and the Uniformed Services University approved the study. The IRB registration number for Walter Reed Army Institute of Research is 00000794. The IRB approval numbers for Tanzania are SZEC-2439/R.C/V.1/25-05 and NIMR/HQ/R.8b/Vol.I/1295. The approval number for Nigeria is NHREC/MOD-HREC/15/02/23C101. Kenya and Uganda do not provide regional IRB approval numbers. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
