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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study received ethics approval from the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cambridge: reference 24.365. All participants provided written informed consent before data collection began. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: JCP has collaborated with Food Foundation (unpaid). EB is a trustee of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (a UK registered charity). MW interacts with commercial food companies in research (e.g. to independently evaluate interventions to develop healthier food systems) but receives no funding from commercial sources. MW is an expert adviser to the Food Foundation (since 2015), was an expert adviser to the House of Lords Committee on Food, Diet and Obesity (2024), and has recently advised UK Government on its National Food Strategy (2025). JA is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, has done paid consultancy work for Food Foundation and has delivered training for senior food policy officials and elected politicians via Judge Business School Executive Education, paid for by Bloomberg Philanthropies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.