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Authors
Padgett, R. Noah
Felton, Chris
Bradshaw, Matt
Chen, Ying
Cowden, Richard G.
Kim, Eric S.
Wilkinson, Renae
Johnson, Byron R.
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
John Templeton Foundation (#61665)
John Templeton Foundation (#61665)
Templeton Religion Trust (#1308)
Templeton Religion Trust (#1308)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (#0605)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (#0605)
Fetzer Institute (#4354)
Fetzer Institute (#4354)
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was granted by the institutional review boards at Baylor University (IRB Reference #: 1841317) and Gallup (IRB Reference #: 2021-11-02). Gallup is a multinational corporation, and its IRB covers all countries included in the GFS. All participants provided informed consent. The research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: Tyler VanderWeele reports consulting fees from Flourishing Solutions International, along with shared revenue received by Harvard University in its license agreement with Gloo Inc. according to the University IP policy. The other authors declare no competing interests.
