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Article History

Received: 17 October 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National University of Singapore (reference number NUS-IRB-2023-486). Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the FGDs and LGIs (in the form of an electronic survey, hosted by Qualtrics), and all audio recordings were made with their consent. For the AWIDs, consent was obtained from both the AWIDs’ legal donee/deputy/next best available person on the legal consent hierarchy and from the AWID themselves. The study team secured agreements from participants to uphold the confidentiality of the identities of fellow participants and to refrain from disclosing any statements made by others during the FGDs to individuals outside the group. To protect the privacy of participants, no one other than the study team was present when the FGDs took place. The research team declares that the research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.

: Necessary consent for publication was obtained from all study participants. No individual personal data were included in the manuscript, and all shared data were anonymised through the use of pseudonyms. Rather than actual patient data Supplementary Material 3 illustrates the type of interview data collected using mock-up data, designed by the research team for illustrative purposes only.

: The authors declare no competing interests.