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Authors
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Kara, Edna
Gottlieb, Sami L.
Broutet, Nathalie J.
Thorson, Anna
Delnord, Marie
Abejirinde, Ibukun-Oluwa Omolade
Silva, Ronaldo
Thwin, Soe Soe
Giordano, Daniel
Habib, Ndema Abu
Abalos, Edgardo
Cecatti, José G.
Costa, Maria L.
Souza, Renato T.
Kouanda, Seni
Dahourou, Désiré Lucien
Ouedraogo, Henri Gautier
Munoz, Sergio
Espinoza, Gerardo
Saavedra, Araceli
Torpey, Kwasi
Guure, Chris
Maya, Ernest
Modey, Emefa
Temmerman, Marleen
Adam, Rodney D.
Gichere, Ingrid
Mandeep, Sura
Saleem, Sarah
Ghanchi, Najia
Jessani, Saleem
Llamas-Clark, Erlidia F.
Baja, Emmanuel S.
Lumandas, Mayan U.
Orrico-Sánchez, Alejandro
Carmona, Antonio
Triki, Henda
Gdoura, Mariem
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a co-sponsored programme executed by WHO
United States Department of State and the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) COVID 19 research and development support to WHO
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV 041181)
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 10 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants and relevant national and institutional guidelines. The generic protocol received approval from the WHO Ethics Review Committee (WHO ERC) on 18 August 2020 (Ref: CERC.0008), with continuing review approval on 1 September 2021 and amendment approval on 5 July 2022 (Ref: CERC.0008). Country-specific protocols were also submitted for review and approved by both the WHO ERC and the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of each participating country. Written informed consent or assent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion. All country-specific ethical approval information is provided in Supplementary Material 1: Country-specific ethical approvals.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
