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Authors
Yang, Jingyue
Wu, Naiwen
Xiong, Yindi
Nobrega, Diego B.
Barkema, Herman W.
Han, Bo
Gao, Jian
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Revised: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. All milk samples were collected as part of routine herd health monitoring by licensed veterinarians. Written informed consent for the use of these samples in research was obtained from farm owners. This study did not involve experimental animals or human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests. Author Herman W. Barkema is a member of the Editorial Board of One Health Advances , and he was not involved in the journal's review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.
