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Article History

Received: 12 October 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Permission for sample collection was obtained from the owners of the participating poultry farms, and the study focused on “agricultural practice” and “poultry droppings,” as no experimental procedures was performed on live animals. To mitigate environmental and health risk, leak-proof containers and cold-chain transportation was adopted to prevent spills or environmental contamination.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.