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Authors
Lee, Soo Youn
Yoo, Ah-Hyun
Kang, Sora
Jang, Jong-Hwan
Jo, Yong-Yeon
Son, Jeong Min
Lee, Min Sung
Han, Ga In
Kwon, Joon-myoung
Lee, Hak Seung
Kim, Kyung-Hee
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Korean Society of Echocardiography (KSER-202001)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of Bucheon Sejong Hospital (No. BSH 2024–09-003–005) and Incheon Sejong Hospital (No. ISH 2024–09-001). The requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design, use of fully anonymized data, and minimal risk to participants. All procedures were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: A-H Yoo, S Kang, JH Jang, YY Jo, JM Son, MS Lee, GI Han, JM Kwon, and HS Lee are employees of Medical AI Co., Ltd. and hold stocks in the company. S Lee and K-H Kim have nothing to declare.
