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Authors
Atusasiibwe, John Mary https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5601-5995
Olet, Eunice Apio
Wangalwa, Raphael
Twongyirwe, Ronald
Bithell, Mike
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study involved the collection of milk samples of dairy cows. Ethical approval was obtained from the Mbarara University of science and technology research ethics committee (MUST-REC, ref: MUREC 1/7). Farm owners provided informed consent before participation, and all procedures adhered to the ethical standards for animal care and use in research.
: Not applicable, as no person’s data (including images, videos, or personal details) is presented in this article.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
