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Authors
Baleseng, Leonard
Manyeula, Freddy
Laeta, Kebaabetswe
Toto, Gaolefufa Abslom
Machete, James Buttie
Sebolai, Thabiso
Molapisi, Moenyane
Bakane, Tshephang
Sonno, Kethabile
Khumoetsile, Thabo
Moreki, John Cassius
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Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 10 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The procedures used to rear, handle, collect blood, and slaughter the broilers were reviewed and approved (Ethics Number BUAN-2020-08) by the BUAN Animal Research Ethics Committee.
Consent for publication: All authors reviewed, revised, and approved of this manuscript.
Declaration of Helsinki: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
