Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 6 March 2025

First Online: 9 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Participants gave their written informed consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Ethics Committee, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (Reference: ERN_ 0733).

: Not applicable.

: TP has completed paid consultancy for NDuranz. After completion of the research NCS became an employee of Precision Hydration Ltd. For a full list of JTG’s disclosures see . JTG has received research funding from BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, Clasado Biosciences, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA Foods Ingredients and Cosun Nutrition Center; is a scientific advisory board member to ZOE and 6d Sports Nutrition; and has completed paid consultancy for The Dairy Council, PepsiCo, Violicom Medical, Tour Racing Ltd., the European Fruit Juice Association, and SVGC. GAW receives an honorarium for his role as Editor-in-Chief of Performance Nutrition, has received research funding and/or has acted as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline Ltd (United Kingdom), Sugar Nutrition UK, Lucozade Ribena Suntory Ltd (United Kingdom), Gatorade Sports Science Institute (USA), and Volac International Ltd (United Kingdom).