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Authors
Wardenaar, Floris C.
Schott, Kinta D.
Seltzer, Ryan G. N.
Butterick, Brooke
Dow, Emily
Kooima, Parker
Freire, Raul
Reid, Kyle D.
Stow, Zack
Gopalakrishnan, Sai Tejaswari
Remington, Richard
Sklar, David
Gordon, Gwyneth
Ruby, Brent
Burgess, Jefferey L.
Kavouras, Stavros A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Federal Emergency Management Agency (EMW-2022-FP-00082 (PI: Wardenaar))
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board of Arizona State University (STUDY00018531) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Compliance Assurance Program Office (DHS Regulatory Compliance Assessment: HSR-23-088) approved the study. Participation was voluntary, and participants read and signed informed consent before thestart of the study.
: Not applicable.
: The following authors report receiving funding from other organizations, at the same time they disclose that there was no conflict of interest regarding these funds related to this study. FCW received grants from external partners that were not related to this project, including NSF, Arizona Board of Regents, Arizona Parks & Trails, Pac-12 Health and Wellbeing Initiative, CSPDA, Standard Process Inc., Kraft Heinz Company, Unilever Corporation, and FrieslandCampina. JB received grants from external partners that were not related to this project, including FEMA, Arizona Board of Regents, NIEHS, and the Wildfire Conservancy. SAK, during the last 36 months, has active research grants from the National Science Foundation, USDA, Kraft Heinz, Unilever, and Standard Process. During this time, he was a lead research aerospace physiologist at Luke Air Force Base and served as a member of the science advisory board for Hyduro Inc, Zico Rising, Trace Minerals, and Rockley Photonics. He has also provided scientific consultation to the American Beverage Association, Unilever, Pepsico, The Coca-Cola Company, and Kraft Heinz. He is also the owner of Dr Hydration LLC. All other authors report no conflict of interest.
