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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 9 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Arizona State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00015034), and all participants gave informed consent before participating.

: Not applicable.

: The following authors report receiving funding from other organizations, at the same time they disclose that there was no conflict of interest regarding these funds related to this study. JT has received grants and/or (co-)authored research supported by: The Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands, Friesland Campina Innovation Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, DSM Food Specialties, Delft, Netherlands, Kenniscentrum Suiker en Voeding, Baarn, Netherlands, Danone Research, Utrecht, Netherlands, Sensus B.V., Roosendaal, the Netherlands, a member of Royal Cosun, Arla Foods Ingredients, Videbæk, Denmark, Further JT has received consulting fees, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these, from: 6d Sports Nutrition, Antwerpen, Belgium (Science board, June 2023-ongoing), Friesland Campina Innovation Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands, Kenniscentrum Suiker en Voeding, Baarn, Netherlands, and Opleidingen in Sportgeneeskunde, Netherlands. FCW received grants from external partners that were not related to this project, including NSF, Arizona Board of Regents, Arizona Parks & Trails, Pac-12 Health and Wellbeing Initiative, CSPDA, Standard Process Inc., Kraft Heinz Company, Unilever Corporation, and FrieslandCampina. Additionally, FCW is an unpaid Editorial Board member of Performance Nutrition. All other authors report no conflict of interest.