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Authors
Bender, Christopher J.D.
Moir, Camden D.
Boulding, Elizabeth G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (506655-17)
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2025
Revised: 14 June 2026
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 22 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: We acknowledge that we used the free version of the AI-powered scientific writing assistant “Curie” provided on BMC Marine Sciences’ website solely as a grammar checker. No live experimentation was used for the diet data presented. Wild cunner were humanely euthanized with 400 ppm MS-222 before their guts were removed. All field personnel had completed the University of Guelph’s CORE Animal Care training including specialized mentor-facilitated training in fish euthanasia, or equivalent, as was required under Animal Utilization Protocol AUP #4786 PI: EG Boulding. Consent to participate is not applicable. Scientific licences or permits for field collection of cunners were issued by Licence Maritimes of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) of the Government of Canada, and by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC).
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
