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Article History

Received: 27 May 2023

Accepted: 7 March 2024

First Online: 24 April 2024

Declarations

:

: For this study, there is no need to obtain ethical approval or permits from the ethics committee. This research is part of the TLS\P (Turin\Piedmont Longitudinal Study), which is included in the National Statistical Program (Programma Statistico Nazionale, PSN), an initiative promoted by the National Institute of Statistics (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT) in Italy. It establishes guidelines for the production, collection, processing, and dissemination of official statistics in the country. For the authors to access the data of the PLS within the institution that is in charge of PLS, there is no need for informed consent according to the Presidential Decree published on the N. 20 of the Official Gazette of the Italian Republic N. 122 of May 26, 2022, “National Statistical Program”, that has approved the PSN []. So this study does not require informed consent from an ethical committee. All analyses were conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. To safeguard privacy, the data used for analysis was de-identified.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.