Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Nursing Research (T32-NR007104, T32-NR007100)
Article History
Received: 9 May 2021
Accepted: 29 July 2022
First Online: 13 August 2022
Declarations
:
: This study was exempt from IRB review (University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board, Federal Assurance #: 00004028) on May 10, 2016 and met criteria for IRB review exemption authorized by 45 CFR 46.101, category 4. Administrative approval was granted for use of the Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data set. The American Hospital Association (AHA) data set is publicly available. Nursing survey data were collected from the Center’s data set. All data were de-identified and patient data was aggregated to the hospital level.
: Consent to participate was not obtained. Data collected were secondary data from administrative claims. This study was exempt from IRB review (University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board, Federal Assurance #: 00004028) on May 10, 2016 and met criteria for IRB review exemption authorized by 45 CFR 46.101, category 4.
: Not applicable.