Mackness, Jessica http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2673-8196
Gallis, John A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-8424
Owusu, Raymond Kofi
Ali, Mohammed
Abubakr-Bibilazu, Safiyatu
Adam, Haliq
Aborigo, Raymond http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-9265
Awoonor-Williams, John Koku http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-8212
Lillie, Margaret http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-1795
McEwan, Elena
Hembling, John http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-5259
Vasudevan, Lavanya http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2900-6070
Baumgartner, Joy Noel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-8972
Funding for this research was provided by:
Catholic Relief Services
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Article History
Received: 9 August 2020
Accepted: 3 December 2020
First Online: 4 January 2021
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: Ethical approval was received from the Duke University Campus IRB (Protocol Number: 2019–0020) and the Navrongo Health Research Center in Ghana (Approval ID NHRCIRB314). All participants signed a written informed consent form, or, if they were illiterate, were read the consent form and provided their fingerprint with a witness signature.
: Not Applicable.
: Dr. Baumgartner (senior author) reports a contract from Catholic Relief Services (CRS) during the conduct of the study; and five of the authors of this publication (JH, RO, MA, SA, EM) were paid employees of CRS, one of the funders, at the time this study was carried out and assisted with study design, data collection and manuscript preparation. However, no CRS author had access to aggregate study data during data collection, nor was any CRS employee involved with data analysis.