Leivo, Tiina
Sarmela, Johanna
Enckell-Aaltonen, Maria
Dafgård Kopp, Eva
Schmitt, Caroline
Toft, Peter B.
Sigurdsson, Haraldur
Uusitalo, Marita
Funding for this research was provided by:
Evald ja Hilda Nissi Stiftelse (not applicable)
Article History
Received: 25 March 2019
Accepted: 4 March 2020
First Online: 16 March 2020
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: According to the Finnish national legislation, The Medical Research Act and Degree (488/1999) the approval of the ethics committee and consent to participate is unnecessary because this study does not include any of the following: 1. The study involves an intervention in the physical integrity of subjects. 2. The study deviates from the principle of informed consent (ethical review is not required if the research is based on public documents, registries or archived data). 3. The subjects are children under the age of 15, and the study is not part of the normal activities of a school or an institution of early childhood education and care, and the data are collected without parental consent and without providing the parents or guardians the opportunity to prevent the child from taking part in the study. 4. The study exposes research subjects to exceptionally strong stimuli and evaluating possible harm requires special expertise (for example, studies containing violence or pornography), 5. The study may cause long-term mental harm (trauma, depression, sleeplessness) beyond the risks encountered in normal life. 6. The study can signify a security risk to subjects (for example, studies concerning domestic violence). All the data in this study is from a questionnaire to medical doctors, not including personal patient information and from previously published literature.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.