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Article History

Received: 9 June 2020

Accepted: 7 February 2021

First Online: 17 February 2021

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Procedures and questionnaires for standard Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) have been reviewed and approved by the ICF International Institutional Review Board (IRB). Additionally, country-specific DHS survey protocols are reviewed by the ICF IRB and typically by an IRB in the host country. The ICF International IRB ensures that the survey complies with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects, while the host country IRB ensures that the survey complies with laws and norms of the nation. In the original primary data collection for each DHS, informed consent was sought from all participants prior to serological testing for HIV (. Ot3N7n5m.dpuf). We sought and were granted permission to use the core dataset for this analysis by MEASURE DHS.

: Not applicable.

: Drs Godfrey Musuka and Zindoga Mukandavire are Editorial Board members of BMC Public Health. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.