Tanaka, Hirokazu
Mackenbach, Johan P.
Kobayashi, Yasuki
Article History
Received: 23 December 2020
Accepted: 29 August 2021
First Online: 8 October 2021
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo (approval no. 2018112NI). We used secondary data, and no participants were directly involved in the current study. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare approved the use of secondary data for this study (approval no. 2019–0701-1). The need for written consent was waived because the survey was conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in accordance with the Statistics Act.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this study.