Cao, Jiepin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-5756
Gallis, John A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-8424
Ali, Mohammed
Lillie, Margaret http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-1795
Abubakr-Bibilazu, Safiyatu
Adam, Haliq
McEwan, Elena
Awoonor-Williams, John Koku http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-8212
Hembling, John http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-5259
Baumgartner, Joy Noel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-8972
Article History
Received: 19 April 2021
Accepted: 28 October 2021
First Online: 4 November 2021
Declarations
:
: Ethical Approval Ethical approval was received from the Duke University Campus IRB (protocol number 2019–0020) and the Navrongo Health Research Center in Ghana (approval ID NHRCIRB314). All methods and procedures in this study were compliant with the Helsinki Declaration (1975; revised in 2008) and followed the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations on research involving human subjects. We obtained written informed consent forms from participants; for illiterate participants, we obtained their fingerprints and witness signatures after reading them the informed consent forms.
: Not Applicable.
: JNB reports a contract from CRS during the conduct of the study; and 5 authors of this publication (MA, SAB, HA, EM, JH) were paid employees of CRS, one of the funders, when this study was carried out and assisted with study design, data collection, and manuscript preparation. However, no CRS author had access to aggregate study data during data collection, nor was any CRS employee involved with data analysis. Other authors (JC, JAG, ML, JKAW) have no conflict of interest to declare.