Janmohamed, Kamila
Nakamura-Sakai, Shinpei
Soale, Abdul-Nasah
Forastiere, Laura
Altice, Frederick L.
Kumar, Navin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
Article History
Received: 21 October 2021
Accepted: 24 February 2022
First Online: 10 March 2022
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: Approval and informed consent were not needed as we used an anonymized dataset. Yale University IRB committee guidelines waived the need for informed consent and ethical approval. Research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF.IO/HZVJB).
: Not applicable.
: Navin Kumar, Abdul-Nasah Soale, Laura Forastiere declare financial support through a grant from the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, a US nonprofit 501(c)(3) private foundation with a mission to end smoking in this generation. The Foundation accepts charitable gifts from PMI Global Services Inc. (PMI); under the Foundation’s Bylaws and Pledge Agreement with PMI, the Foundation is independent from PMI and the tobacco industry. There are no financial relationships with any other organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. All remaining authors do not declare any conflicts of interest.