Zaccardi, Francesco
Tan, Pui San
Shah, Baiju R.
Everett, Karl
Clift, Ash Kieran
Patone, Martina
Saatci, Defne
Coupland, Carol
Griffin, Simon J.
Khunti, Kamlesh
Dambha-Miller, Hajira
Hippisley-Cox, Julia
Article History
Received: 10 March 2022
Accepted: 6 February 2023
First Online: 27 February 2023
Declarations
:
: This project used data routinely collected from clinical purpose and no experiments were conducted. The research has been conducted in accordance with the relevant following regulations:Ontario - The consent was unnecessary according to national regulations. ICES is a prescribed entity under Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). According to the national regulation, section 45 of PHIPA authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system (ExternalRef removed). Projects that use data collected by ICES under section 45 of PHIPA are exempt from REB (Research Ethics Board) review. The use of the data in this project was reviewed by ICES’ Privacy and Legal Office and approved under section 45. The data were anonymized before its use. Storage, handling and access to these data are governed by policies and procedures that are regularly reviewed and approved by the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario.QResearch - Access to data for this study has been granted ethics approval by East Midlands-Derby Research Ethics Committee (reference 18/EM/0400). This study has also been independently peer-reviewed by the QResearch Scientific board (project reference OX102). Consent for QResearch was not necessary according to national regulations as the database is anonymised and no patient consent is required: as this study used routinely collected data, no consent is needed but patients can opt out if they prefer their data not to be used. Data are anonymised in which no individuals can be identified.
: Not applicable. To preserve confidentiality, in tables cells with frequencies less than 5 have been suppressed.
: KK is a Member of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), Member of Independent SAGE, Director of the University of Leicester Centre for Black Minority Health and Trustee of the South Asian Health Foundation. JHC is a member of several SAGE committees and chair of the risk stratification subgroup of the NERVTAG. She is unpaid director of QResearch and founder and former medical director of ClinRisk Ltd. (outside the submitted work). PST reports past consultation with AstraZeneca and Duke-NUS outside the submitted work. All other authors have no competing interests to declare.JHC is an unpaid director of QResearch, a not-for-profit organisation which is a partnership between the University of Oxford and EMIS Health who supply the QResearch database used for this work, and is a founder and shareholder of ClinRisk Ltd. and was its medical director until 31 May 2019; ClinRisk produces open and closed source software to implement clinical risk algorithms (outside this work) into clinical computer systems.