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Article History

Received: 1 February 2023

Accepted: 16 September 2023

First Online: 20 November 2023

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (and its amendments), and the ethical guidelines for life sciences and medical research involving human subjects presented by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hokkaido University (approval No. 21–91, 31 March 2022). All subjects provided written informed consent and voluntarily participated in the study after receiving a written explanation of its purpose and methods, as well as of ethical and all other aspects relevant to their decision to participate. Participants with cognitive impairment are those who are able to give informed consent on their own, and this was approved by the administrator of the community general support center.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.