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Article History

Received: 13 February 2024

Accepted: 16 May 2024

First Online: 7 June 2024

Declarations

:

: Before taking part in the study, all human subjects provided their informed consent to be included. The ICF International Institutional Review Board reviewed and approved the procedures and questionnaires for standard DHS surveys (IRB). We were given permission to use the 2016 SADHS data from the DHS repository (accessed on June 13, 2023, at The DHS Program - Available Datasets). The study was carried out in accordance with the relevant ethical standards and laws and the Declaration of Helsinki. The DHS Programme/ICF host country’s ethics committee approved the protocol (Project identification code: 2016 SADHS).

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the National Department of Health (NDoH), Statistics South Africa (Stats SA), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), and ICF USA Institutional Review Boards (IRB) [2016], in Pretoria, South Africa, and Rockville, Maryland, USA (protocol code & Date of approval: 2016 SADHS & January 2016).

: The authors declare no competing interests.