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Article History

Received: 27 March 2024

Accepted: 27 August 2024

First Online: 2 September 2024

Declarations

:

: Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-Aged and Older Adults, which is a 17-wave panel survey conducted by the Japanese MHLW each year between 2005 and 2021. This survey was approved by Japan’s Statistics Act, which requires it to be reviewed from statistical, legal, ethical, and other viewpoints. The survey data were obtained from the MHLW with official approval; therefore, ethics approval was not required for this study. The need for written consent was waived in line with the Statistics Act.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.